Biogeographical Regions of India

India is situated on the middle of “Afro tropical, Euro- Asian and Indo Malayan region”. India is one of the 12 mega biodiversity country of world. The 12 mega diversity region of world are Mexico, Coulombia, Medagaskar, Ikwador, Cameroon, Peru, Brazil, Jaira, China, Malaysia, Indonesia and India. India represents 62% endemic species. Most of these spots are located in the tropics:

(i) Brazil represents 1/5 of World biodiversity with 50,000 plant species, 5,000 vertebrates, 10 – 15 million insects and millions of micro organism.

(ii) India is said to represent 8% of the recorded species with 47000 plant species and 81000 animals.

The country is divided into 10 bio-geographical regions:

Trans-Himalayan, Indian desert, Semi arid, Western Ghats, Deccan Peninsula, Gangetic plains, NF India, Island and Costs. Clarks (1898) recognized 11 botanical regions from India while Hooker 1909 divided into 9. Chatterjee 1939 into 10 and Razi 1955 in 21 regions

The Indian sub continent is characterized with a variety of climate type and flora of the country in also correspondingly of different types in its different parts. The country has been divided into following nine floristic (Botanical) regions:

1. Western Himalaya:

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Kumaun to Kashmir with an annual rainfall of 200 cm. Altitudinal these are following three zones of vegetation corresponding to three climatic belts.

(i) Sub montane Zone:

This extends upto 1500 metres altitude and comprises mostly of Siwalik ranges. The forests are tropical and subtropical having trees like Shorea robusta, Dalbergia sissoo, Cedrela toona, Ficus glomerata, Eugenia jambolana, Acacia catechu, Butea monospema (dhak), Zizyphus and thorny succulent euphorbias on slopes.

(ii) Temperate Zone:

Above submontane zone extend montane temperate forests upto 3500 m. They are dominated by plant species like Quercus, Acer, Ulmus, Rhododendron, Betula, Salix, Cornus, Populus, Pinus, Cedrus, Picea and Taxus.

(iii) Alpine Zone:

Between 3500 – 4500 m and characterized by alpine forest vegetation with scrub and meadow e.g. Abies, Betula, Junipers, Rhododendrons.

2. Eastern Himalaya:

It includes regions of Sikkim and NEFA and is characterized by more rainfall, less snow and high temperature. This is divided into 3 zones.

(i) Tropical zone:

Up to 1800 m, this zone has tropical semi-evergreen or moist deciduous forest. These forests comprise the plants Shorea robusta, Acacia catechu, Dalbergia sissoo, Terminalia, Albizia, Dendrocalamus etc.

(ii) Temperate zone:

1800 m – 3800 m and has typical montane temperature forests like oaks, Michelia, Quercus, Pyrus, Synplocos, Eugenia and Conifers like Juniperus, Cryptomeria, Abies, Pinus, Larix, Tsuga, Salix, Rhododerdron, Arundinaria.

(iii) Alpine zone:

Beyond the temperate zone extends alpine zone up to 5000 m. e.g. Juniperus, Rhododendron.

3. Indus plain:

Arid and semi arid zone of Punjab, Rajasthan, Kutch, Gujarat and Delhi. The rainfall is less than 70 cm. The vegetation is tropical thorny forest in semi arid zone and typically desert in the arid region as Xerophytic e.g. Acacia nilotica, Salvadora, Capparis.. Zizypus, Calotropis, Saccharum, Euphorbia.

4. Gangetic Plains:

Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Bengal and part of Orissa and is characterized by moderate amount of rainfall and most fertile (alluvial) soils. Vegetation is chiefly tropical moist and deciduous and dry deciduous forest type.

The common plants of this zone are Dalbergia sissoo, Acacia nilotica, Saccharum munja, Terminalia arjuna, Acacia catechu (Khair), Azadirachta indica (Neem), Ficus religiosa (Pipal), and weeds, grasses like Xanthium, Argemone, Amaranthus. In Gangetic delta (Bengal south) mangrove vegetation is common.

5. Central India:

It comprises Madhya Pradesh, parts of Orissa and Gujarat. The rainfall is 150 – 200 cm. and its vegetation is thorny, mixed deciduous and teak type. The chief plants are Tectona grandis, Madhuca, Butea, Dalbergia, Terminalia, Zizypus, Acacia, Mangifera etc.

6. Malabar (West Coast):

This region include western coast of India from Gujarat to comorin with heavy rainfall. The forests are tropical evergreen in extreme west, semi evergreen towards interior subtropical or montane temperate evergreen forests in Nilgiris and mangroves near Bombay and Kerala Coast.

7. Deccan Plateau:

This region extends all over Peninsular India (Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka) and has rainfall up to 100 cm. Its central hilly plateau has tropical dry deciduous forests of Bowsellia scrrata, Tectona grandis while the low eastern dry coromondal coast has tropical dry evergreen forests of Santatum albums, Cedrela toona, e.g. Acacia, Prosopsis, Euphorbia, Capparis, Phyllanthus etc.

8. Assam:

This region is characterized by heavy rainfall (200 to 1000 cm). The vegetation is either dense evergreen forests or subtropical. The evergreen forests include trees like Dipterocarpus macrocarpa, Shorea robusta, Ficus elastica etc grasses like Saccharum sp. Themeda sp.

Insectivorous plants as Nepenthes sp. and also Epiplytes (ferns and orchids). In the northern cooler region wet hill forests include plants like Alnus, Betula, Rhododendron, Magnolia etc.

9. Andamans:

Mangrove and beech forest at its coasts and evergreen forests of tall trees in the interior. Important plant species of this island are Rhizophara, Calophyllum Lagerostroemia etc.

Forest and Wild Life Institute of India divided India into 10 zoo-geographical regions:-

1. Trans-Himalaya:

Ladhak (J & K) and Himanchal Pradesh (Lahul) total area 1, 86,200 sq. km. at a height of 4500 – 6000 m. The species are Tibetan Ass, Wild Yak, and Palas Cat etc.

2. Himalaya North Eastern, Western, Central and Eastern:

In Himalaya at a medium height and covered 2, 36,300 sq. km with 56 protected area and represent endangered species.

3. Desert (Kutch – Gujrat Thar Rajasthan):

Represent very sensitive ecosystem and covered 2, 50,000 sq. km. and 89 sq. km is protected. It represents Wild ass, desert cat, fox, sauns bird and hanshabar (duck).

4. Semi Arid Zone:

Represent Punjab, Gujarat, Rajasthan, spread among 5,08,000 sq. km. Sariska and Ranthombore reserve park is situated on them with 11675 sq. km. as safe and 52 protected areas. Gir lion is famous all over the world.

5. Western Ghat and Coastal Plain:

Maharashtra, Kerala, Karnataka represents 1, 59,000 sq. km. with 15955 sq. km. as protected area and 44 parks/, sanctuary.

6. Deccan Peninsula :

Deccan plateau, South Central part, North Eastern part, Chota Nagpur and Central high lands represents 43% of Indian land (14, 21,000 sq. km.). 115 protected parks/ sanctuary are spread on 4610 sq. km. with many animals.

7. Gangetic Plain:

Spread over 3, 59,400 sq. km. and represent 25 protected sites. This is an agriculture site.

8. Marine Coasts:

Represent Eastern & Western Coast, Sunder bans sanctuaries of (Leopard) is situated on this area with highest number of leopard in India.

9. North East Zone:

Brahmaputra valley and Assam. Represent high biodiversity zone in 1880 sq. km. 17 protected areas are situated.

10. Indian Islands (Andaman, Nicobar & Lakshadweep):

384 islands represents 225 animal’s species, out of this 50% are endemic. 101 protected areas on 708 sq. km.

Life in an Indian Village

India is a developing country. The villages outnumber the towns and cities in India. More than seventy two per cent of the Indian population lives in villages. Almost all villagers are dependent on agriculture. Since Independence, the villages in India have been developing. A village is free from the hustle and bustle of a city life. Life in a village is peaceful, calm and quiet. The natural beauty and greenery are a feast for the eyes. There are village panchayats and village heads to look after the affairs of the village.

Life in a village is not as fast as it is In a city. Most Indian villages have one primary school. Students go to the nearest town for higher education. Unlike in a city, schools start late in a village. Students either walk or commute by bicycles. Very few vehicles run on the roads. Only a few buses are available at fixed hours.

The houses in Indian villages are mostly built of bamboo with thatched roofs. The bamboo walls are plastered with mud. A developed Indian village has brick houses with plastered roofs or tinned roofs. The typical village home also houses cattle, sheep, goats and poultry.

Villages have narrow roads. They have muddy roads or cobbled streets. A village road has paddy fields, vegetable fields and corn fields on either side. Small streams which facilitate irrigation adorn the fields.

Villages are thinly populated as compared to towns and cities. Every houses has a big open area at the front and a vegetable garden at the backyard. Some houses have flower gardens in front of them.

Most Indian villages have weekly mobile markets. Things of all kinds starting from clothes, food, and grocery to electrical gods, cattle, etc. are sold her. There are very few shops. People living in villages go to the towns for purchasing goods.

Villagers in hilly areas use the water of streams for drinking and washing villagers in the plains use well, hand pump or pond water for the same. Those residing near the river use river water. Most houses in remote villages some villages have government water supply facility. Most villages do not have provision for clean drinking water. Some villagers take their cattle to the pond. Buffaloes go deep in to the water and make it dirty.

Most of the rural areas are characterized by poverty. The levels of productivity are low. There is lack of basic minimum services. Villagers are superstitious to some extent.

However, unlike a city, a village has lots of open space and greenery. One can breathe the fresh air. Villages are free from pollution. The natural beauty of a village soothes the senses of its inhabitants. In village a person always gets fresh air to breathe which is good of his health. Country people are healthier than the people cities because they, unlike city people are healthier than the people of cities because they unlike city people, get pollution free air to breathe in. they do more physical labor in their fields and stay active while people of cities do not have enough time even for a morning walk due to their faster and hectic life. Even doctors suggest many a patient to spend some time in the countryside to heal themselves. Neighbors in a village live like a family. They help each other in the four of need. Villagers are simple, sincere and honest. The village folk not only dress simply but also display simplicity in their meals and work life. They are hardworking. They toil in the fields despite rain and heat.

Transportation is a big problem in villages. There are no proper roads in many villages. There is no electricity in a number of villages even after over six decades of independence. There is an acute scarcity of proper drinking water in many villages. The condition of healthcare is pathetic in remote villages.

The government of India has formulated the National Common Minimum programme for the overall development of our country. Under this programme different Ministries carry our different projects. The ministry of rural development has given foremost priority to the development of ru4al areas and the eradication of poverty and hunger from the face of rural India. A number of projects like Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act , Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojna, and Swaranjayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana, etc. have been taken up. A vigilance committee has also been set up to oversee the implementation and ensure that benefits of such programmes actually reach the rural masses.

Understanding Article 370

At the Bharatiya Janata Party’s recent Lalkar rally in Jammu, its prime ministerial candidate, Narendra Modi, called for a debate on Article 370. This is encouraging and suggests that the BJP may be willing to review its absolutist stance on the Article that defines the provisions of the Constitution of India with respect to Jammu and Kashmir. Any meaningful debate on Article 370 must, however, separate myth from reality and fact from fiction. My purpose here is to respond to the five main questions that have already been raised in the incipient debate.

Why it was incorporated

First, why was Article 370 inserted in the Constitution? Or as the great poet and thinker, Maulana Hasrat Mohini, asked in the Constituent Assembly on October 17, 1949: “Why this discrimination please?” The answer was given by Nehru’s confidant, the wise but misunderstood Thanjavur Brahmin, Gopalaswami Ayyangar (Minister without portfolio in the first Union Cabinet, a former Diwan to Maharajah Hari Singh of Jammu and Kashmir, and the principal drafter of Article 370). Ayyangar argued that for a variety of reasons Kashmir, unlike other princely states, was not yet ripe for integration. India had been at war with Pakistan over Jammu and Kashmir and while there was a ceasefire, the conditions were still “unusual and abnormal.” Part of the State’s territory was in the hands of “rebels and enemies.”

The involvement of the United Nations brought an international dimension to this conflict, an “entanglement” which would end only when the “Kashmir problem is satisfactorily resolved.” Finally, Ayyangar argued that the “will of the people through the instrument of the [J&K] Constituent Assembly will determine the constitution of the State as well as the sphere of Union jurisdiction over the State.” In sum, there was hope that J&K would one day integrate like other States of the Union (hence the use of the term “temporary provisions” in the title of the Article), but this could happen only when there was real peace and only when the people of the State acquiesced to such an arrangement.

Second, did Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel oppose Article 370? To reduce the Nehru-Patel relationship to Manichean terms is to caricature history, and this is equally true of their attitude towards Jammu and Kashmir. Nehru was undoubtedly idealistic and romantic about Kashmir. He wrote: “Like some supremely beautiful woman, whose beauty is almost impersonal and above human desire, such was Kashmir in all its feminine beauty of river and valley…” Patel had a much more earthy and pragmatic view and — as his masterly integration of princely states demonstrated — little time for capricious state leaders or their separatist tendencies.

But while Ayyangar negotiated — with Nehru’s backing — the substance and scope of Article 370 with Sheikh Abdullah and other members from J&K in the Constituent Assembly (including Mirza Afzal Beg and Maulana Masoodi), Patel was very much in the loop. And while Patel was deeply sceptical of a “state becoming part of India” and not “recognising … [India’s] fundamental rights and directive principles of State policy,” he was aware of, and a party to, the final outcome on Article 370.

Negotiations

Indeed, the synergy that Patel and Nehru brought to governing India is evident in the negotiations over Article 370. Consider this. In October 1949, there was a tense standoff between Sheikh Abdullah and Ayyangar over parts of Article 370 (or Article 306A as it was known during the drafting stage). Nehru was in the United States, where — addressing members of the U.S. Congress — he said: “Where freedom is menaced or justice threatened or where aggression takes place, we cannot be and shall not be neutral.” Meanwhile, Ayyangar was struggling with the Sheikh, and later even threatened to resign from the Constituent Assembly. “You have left me even more distressed than I have been since I received your last letter … I feel weighted with the responsibility of finding a solution for the difficulties that, after Panditji left for America … have been created … without adequate excuse,” he wrote to the Sheikh on October 15. And who did Ayyangar turn to, in this crisis with the Sheikh, while Nehru was abroad? None other than the Sardar himself. Patel, of course, was not enamoured by the Sheikh, who he thought kept changing course. He wrote to Ayyangar: “Whenever Sheikh Sahib wishes to back out, he always confronts us with his duty to the people.” But it was Patel finally who managed the crisis and navigated most of the amendments sought of the Sheikh through the Congress party and the Constituent Assembly to ensure that Article 370 became part of the Indian Constitution.

Third, is Article 370 still intact in its original form? One of the biggest myths is the belief that the “autonomy” as envisaged in the Constituent Assembly is intact. A series of Presidential Orders has eroded Article 370 substantially. While the 1950 Presidential Order and the Delhi Agreement of 1952 defined the scope and substance of the relationship between the Centre and the State with the support of the Sheikh, the subsequent series of Presidential Orders have made most Union laws applicable to the State. In fact today the autonomy enjoyed by the State is a shadow of its former self, and there is virtually no institution of the Republic of India that does not include J&K within its scope and jurisdiction. The only substantial differences from many other States relate to permanent residents and their rights; the non-applicability of Emergency provisions on the grounds of “internal disturbance” without the concurrence of the State; and the name and boundaries of the State, which cannot be altered without the consent of its legislature. Remember J&K is not unique; there are special provisions for several States which are listed in Article 371 and Articles 371-A to 371-I.

Fourth, can Article 370 be revoked unilaterally? Clause 3 of Article 370 is clear. The President may, by public notification, declare that this Article shall cease to be operative but only on the recommendation of the Constituent Assembly of the State. In other words, Article 370 can be revoked only if a new Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir is convened and is willing to recommend its revocation. Of course, Parliament has the power to amend the Constitution to change this provision. But this could be subject to a judicial review which may find that this clause is a basic feature of the relationship between the State and the Centre and cannot, therefore, be amended.

Gender bias?

Fifth, is Article 370 a source of gender bias in disqualifying women from the State of property rights? Article 370 itself is gender neutral, but the definition of Permanent Residents in the State Constitution — based on the notifications issued in April 1927 and June 1932 during the Maharajah’s rule — was thought to be discriminatory. The 1927 notification included an explanatory note which said: “The wife or a widow of the State Subject … shall acquire the status of her husband as State Subject of the same Class as her Husband, so long as she resides in the State and does not leave the State for permanent residence outside the State.” This was widely interpreted as suggesting also that a woman from the State who marries outside the State would lose her status as a State subject. However, in a landmark judgement, in October 2002, the full bench of J&K High Court, with one judge dissenting, held that the daughter of a permanent resident of the State will not lose her permanent resident status on marrying a person who is not a permanent resident, and will enjoy all rights, including property rights.

Finally, has Article 370 strengthened separatist tendencies in J&K? Article 370 was and is about providing space, in matters of governance, to the people of a State who felt deeply vulnerable about their identity and insecure about the future. It was about empowering people, making people feel that they belong, and about increasing the accountability of public institutions and services. Article 370 is synonymous with decentralisation and devolution of power, phrases that have been on the charter of virtually every political party in India. There is no contradiction between wanting J&K to be part of the national mainstream and the State’s desire for self-governance as envisioned in the Article.

Separatism grows when people feel disconnected from the structures of power and the process of policy formulation; in contrast, devolution ensures popular participation in the running of the polity. It can be reasonably argued that it is the erosion of Article 370 and not its creation which has aggravated separatist tendencies in the State. Not surprisingly, at the opposition conclave in Srinagar in 1982, leaders of virtually all national parties, including past and present allies of the BJP, declared that the “special constitutional status of J&K under Article 370 should be preserved and protected in letter and spirit.” A review of its policy on Article 370, through an informed debate, would align today’s BJP with the considered and reflective approach on J&K articulated by former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee. Only then would the slogans of Jhumuriyat, Kashmiriyat and Insaniyat make real sense.

Indus Valley Civilization

Indus Valley Civilization was the first major civilization in south Asia,  which spread across a vast area of land in present day India and Pakistan (around 12 lakh sq.km). The time period of mature Indus Valley Civilization is estimated between BC. 2700- BC.1900 ie. for 800 years. But early Indus Valley Civilization had existed even before BC.2700.

Features of Indus Valley Civilization

• BC. 2700- BC.1900 ie for 800 years.
• On the valleys of river Indus.
• Also known as Harappan Civilization.
• Beginning of city life.
• Harappan Sites discovered by – Dayaram Sahni (1921) – Montgomori district, Punjab, Pakistan.
• Mohanjodaro discovered by – R. D. Banerji – Larkana district, Sind, Pakistan.
• City was divided into Citadel(west) and Lower Town(east).
• Red pottery painted with designs in black.
• Stone weights, seals, special beads, copper tools, long stone blades etc.
• Copper, bronze, silver, gold present.
• Artificially produced – Faience.
• Specialists for handicrafts.
• Import of raw materials.
• Plough was used.
• Bodies were buried in wooden coffins, but during the later stages ‘H symmetry culture’ evolved where bodies were buried in painted burial urns.
• Sugar cane not cultivated, horse, iron not used.

Indus Valley Sites and Specialties

Harappa

• Seals out of stones
• Citadel outside on banks of river Ravi

Mohenjodaro

• Great Bath, Great Granary, Dancing Girl, Man with Beard, Cotton, Assembly hall
• Term means ” Mount of the dead”
• On the bank of river Indus
• Believed to have been destructed by flood or invasion(Destruction was not gradual).

Chanhudaro

• Bank of Indus river. – discovered by Gopal Majumdar and Mackey (1931)
• Pre-harappan culture – Jhangar Culture and Jhukar Culture
• Only cite without citadel.

Kalibangan

• At Rajastan on the banks of river Ghaggar, discovered by A.Ghosh (1953)
• Fire Altars
• Bones of camel
• Evidence of furrows
• Horse remains ( even though Indus valley people didn’t use horses).
• Known as third capital of Indus Empire.

Lothal

• At Gujarat near Bhogava river, discovered by S.R. Rao (1957)
• Fire Altars
• Beside the tributary of Sabarmati
• Store house
• Dockyard and earliest port
• double burial
• Rice husk
• House had front entrance (exception).

Ropar

• Punjab, on the banks of river Sutlej. Discovered by Y.D Sharma (1955)
• Dog buried with humans.

Also read:  How to study Indian culture for UPSC Civil Services Exam?

Banawali

• Haryana
• On banks of lost river Saraswathi
• Barley Cultivation.

Dholavira

• Biggest site in India, until the discovery of Rakhigarhi.
• Located in Khadir Beyt, Rann of Kutch, Gujarat. Discovered by J.P Joshi/Rabindra Singh (1990)
• 3 parts + large open area for ceremonies
• Large letters of the Harappan script (sign boards).

Religion of Indus Valley People

• Pashupathi Mahadev (Proto Siva)
• Mother goddess
• Nature/ Animal worship
• Unicorn, Dove, Peepal Tree, Fire
• Amulets
• Idol worship was practiced ( not a feature of Aryans)
• Did not construct temples.
• Similarity to Hindu religious practises. (Hinduism in its present form originated later)
• No Caste system.

Indus Valley Society and Culture

• Systematic method of weights and measures ( 16 and its multiples).
• Pictographic Script, Boustrophedon script – Deciphering efforts by I. Mahadevan
• Equal status to men and women
• Economic Inequality, not an egalitarian society
• Textiles – Spinning and weaving
• 3 types – burial, cremation and post cremation were there, though burial was common.
• Majority of people Proto-australoids and Mediterraneans (Dravidians), though Mongoloids, Nordics etc were present in the city culture. Read more on races of India.

Reasons for Decline of Indus Valley Civilization

Though there are various theories, the exact reason is still unknown. As per a recent study by IIT Kharagpur and Archaeological Survey of India, a weaker monsoon might have been the cause of decline of Indus Valley Civilization. Environmental changes, coupled with loss of power of rulers (central administration) of Indus valley to sustain the city life might be the cause (Fariservis Theory). There might be resource shortage to sustain the population, and then people moved towards south India. Another theory by Dr Gwen Robbins Schug states that inter-personal violence, infectious diseases and climate change had played a major role in the demise of the Indus Valley Civilization.

Jawaharlal Nehru

Some people are working for the pleasures and comfort for life for life and after getting them live a simple life in which they are working and living.

India’s struggle for independence is the story of many peoples who can live comfortful, respectful and prestigious life but they choose the difficulties, problems and troubles of jail and some of them sacrifice their life over nation.

Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was one of them. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was the son of famous and respected lawyer of India Pandit Motilal Nehru. He was born on November 14, 1889 at Allahabad.

He got his primary education on his house, the English tutors came to his house to teach him, after that he sent to England and admitted in Horone School, after that he was admitted in Trinity College of Cambridge University.

He returned to India after becoming a Lawyer. In 1916 he got married with Kamla Kaul and in 1917 he became the father of a daughter which name was ‘Priyadarshini’ and later on we know her as “Indira Gandhi”.

In 1916 he was first time meet Gandhiji in a meeting of Indian National Congress. After this first meeting Pt. Nehru and Gandhiji became so close that their lives jointly throughout the whole life, though they differed on several points, largely because of Nehru’s international outlook clashed with Gandhi’s simple Indian outlooks and Orthodox views.

We all know that after the incident of Jallianwala Bagh Mahatma Gandhi was very much angry from British Government Besides Gandhiji, Nehruji was also very much frustrated and from this day he decide to finish the British Empire in India and determine that he will do his best for the freedom of India. Pt. Nehru played the lead role in the freedom struggle from 1919 to 1947 with Gandhiji

Pt. Nehru was the president of the historical session of Indian National Congress at Lahore. He declared that “Total Independence” is the prime aim of Congress and now Congress works towards this target. He also declared that every 26, January the Independence Day celebrates and the National flag will flow on that day.

He became the president of six session of Indian National Congress. Pt. Nehru spent almost 10 years of his life in prison. It is undoubtedly a precious contribution from him towards our country.

Pt. Nehru was also became the Prime Minister of the Interim Government of 1946. On the midnight of 14, August 1947 he was scored by Lord Mountbetten (the last Vicerocy of India) as the Prime Minister of Indian Domain.

Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru knew that the Prime Minister of India was a hot seat that time because the expectations of people were very high and the resources of the Government was very low.

In which condition the British Government leave our country that is very serious all the money was grasped by the Britishers and numberless problems were left for Indians.

Pandit Nehru knew that India was an agricultural country from thousands of years so it was very necessary that the agricultural development was moving with industrial development.

At the time of independence there was no infrastructure in India which can be helpful for the industries. The first and foremost necessity of the industrial development was the development of infrastructure in India.

Pandit Nehru also knew that we must work outside and inside country. Pt. Nehru also knew that the relations with their countries also good for the progress of our country so he knew the importance of Good Foreign Policy. He was one of the founding fathers of NAM (Non-Allignment Movement).

Pt. Nehru always maintained good relations with neighbours so he could not understand the fox sight of China. In 1962 India had to face the attack of China in which India had to face defeat. Pt. Nehru was very much shocked by this
attack.

Besides a good politician Pt. Nehru was also a great author he wrote three books, “Discovery of India”, “Glimpses of World History” and “An Autobiography”.

Pt. Nehru loved children very much because of his child love the children called him “Chacha Nehru” and his birthday was celebrated as “Children’s Day” He was dead on May 27, 1964 when he was the Prime Minister of India. His contribution of Nation was undoubtedly priceless and praise worthy.

mother..the unconditional love…

At the end of this “MOTHERS DAY”, what we find that this mother day is special, special because we find heart touching video on youtube, post on facebook, whatsapp status change,and lastly we feel pain and sacrifice of mother’s life for building our future.

Here is the list of innovative ideas on Mother’s Day video.
1. google
This International Women’s Day let’s hear out these women entrepreneurs who Snapdeal has helped in building their individual identity by making it possible for them to balance between their personal and professional lives. We salute their dedication and are proud to have them on board with us. Their stories are surely going to inspire a lot of other women in realising their dreams.
Program is initiated by google…
https://www.hwgo.com/togetheronline/


https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=35er3QJhqVs
2.cuddly -a short film by TTT
Necessity is the mother of invention. But can it replace mother’s love?
Karan Shetty’s ‘Cuddly’ stars Neena Kulkarni and Shruti Vyas.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XxlujFhJUAo

3.maggi

Your friend. Your confidante. Your everything. The one woman who knows everything about you! This Mother’s Day….All we want to say – #MomKnowsBest

Singer and compose by Shanker Mahadevan
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CjdbJ7rsfGQ

4.best mother’s day present:-Electrolux
A daughter is moving away from home. The empty nest effect is already taking her mom’s heart. And the best present ever: a big surprise during a flight on Mother’s Day.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8yVjbTVWL4k

5.this mother’s Day, #TreatYourMom:-coupondunia

video asked a simple question to several people about their Mother, and their response left us speechless…

Watch this video and see if you can answer the same about your Mom.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l1LpR6GMoRg
I hope you enjoy all these videos…
happy mother day……

life, combination of faiths and hopes

It was 8:30 pm, probably India’s prime time to do anything, me and my best friend were watching the movie, the movie name is “THE THEORY OF EVERYTHING”. After that movie, we concluded the Stephen hawking statement, What is Life? Stephen said that where there is hope there is life. that is our first equation.

Second one is Faith in Life.

Now we add the both the equation to get single value,basically the real core meaning of Life.

From the above two equation, we conclude that the best output of life, faith and hope.

what is the difference between faith and hope?

Faith (present/past incident)  is the good experience of life that bound you from that object to build your confidence.

Hope (future of incident) is the expansion of Faith.

Again the question is arrive What is the Life and God?

Life is the combination of millions packet of energy,energy that resides in our body, specially the mind is the main control centre or the main switch of all energy, and energy is of two types Good energy and bad energy that is also the part of life.

Then the question is How to improve the Good Energy or the Good Life?

solution:-

HOPE ∝ Life

HOPE = k Life.

K = Faith

Faith ∈ life that is something happen in life.

You can’t misguide from Hope.here we take Hope as a set A containing some elements.

Hope (A) = {self confidence, belief, positive energy, God, etc. }.

What is God?

God is the not one who makes our life, Life is  the evaluation process of Universe, then What is God? Is God exists or not?

yes God exists, that create positive power in our life.

Millions of Year before, people who lived on this planet are more creative than us, they had very far vision, so they create a positive power station like cyber cafe,to get positive power at one place (in hindu dharm we call it Mandir), you increase your positive energy, so they created God/ BHAGWAAN /ALLAH.

According to Hindu-dharm God i.e Bhagwaan is nothing but a pictorial representation of positive energy that concentrate your mind, and the Mantra are the combination of physics and maths based formula to create positive energy in you via vibration.

once you relate any instance from God you basically creates faith the K constant, and that lend you to Hope Of Life.

At a age of 19 year old we both were sitting in 12*10 room comparing philosophical  scenario to scientific scenario, sometime its make me  foolish.

becoming a Father – a silent relationship between two generation.

Being a father is one of the most sentimental but yet most challenging thing in this world that could happen to any male person. While growing up, we do a lot of childish thing but after getting bored up with that same schedule; we rather feel fascinated about how innocent we used to be when we were children. What happened to me?

Time passes and the pressure of being a responsible elder simply lessen our childish behavior. But whenever we see children roaming around and doing the same activities that we used to do when we were children makes us feel happy. We can always do these activities but this isn’t what we should be doing according to the rules and discipline taught by our society.

We get married and then we become a father. At first our family starts expecting from us. It’s a whole new experience for us. The feeling that a father gets when he sees his baby seeing this world for the first time is unexplainable. It’s something that has to be felt. The extraordinary joy that he would be getting on holding his baby is just beyond explanation. A newly born baby who doesn’t even know what a real world looks like and it’s again become a father’s responsibility from day first to make us aware about this world. As a father, whatever he do, he starts thinking to provide a better future for his child. No matter how much he has struggled with but he always want to have us a platform where we could nurture our skills easily and comfortably. He makes sure that we get enough even he himself didn’t get what he wanted. This thought always triggers him to work even harder to make us achieve our career, goals and respect in our so called society.

The very first step of sharing is to have a common mode of communication. A language needs to be introduced in our life in order to decode what we actually want. That’s what a father does. He makes us understand the difference between good deeds and bad deeds. He starts playing with us. While we might have afraid of many things, he encourages us to understand the importance of love. We first deny every new thing to start up with but the faith that even if we fell down we always have our father to lift us up makes us capable to beat this world.

While as we grow up, our father also starts feeling their own childhood that he has lost a long ago. He lives his childhood with his own child by doing all these things. He understands that life isn’t straight. It works like a circle. While doing all this, he smiles from his heart that whatever he has learnt in his life, he has successfully passed it to his offspring and the same circle would keep happening.

SAARC

SAARC  is an organization of  eight countries  located in the South Asia  and  it stands for  the South Asian Association for Regional Corporation. Its   around  1.7 billion of the  people  and it is  21% of the  world population. All six member countries share boarders with  the big brother of the  SAARC nations India.  Only exception is  Afghanistan. Late President of Bangladesh Ziaur Rahman  first raised the necessity of  regional and political  and economical cooperation in the South Asia  on  the  2nd May 1980. Subsequently on  the  8th  of December 1985 fist    SAARC countries summit was held  in Dhaka Capital of Bangladesh. Initial members of the SAARC countries  were  India, Bangladesh, Pakistan,  Bhutan, Neola, Maldives   and Sri Lanka.  Later  another country Afghanistan was awarded the full membership and there are several other  countries were given observer memberships.

Objectives of SAARC :-

1.Promoting peace, stability, amity and progress in the region through strict adherence to the principles of the UNITED NATIONS CHARTER and NON-ALIGNMENT, particularly respect for the principles of sovereign equality, territorial integrity, national independence, non-use of force and non-interference in the internal affairs of other States and peaceful settlement of all disputes;

2. Conscious that in an increasingly interdependent world, the objectives of peace, freedom, social justice and economic prosperity are best achieved in the SOUTH ASIAN region by fostering mutual understanding, good neighbor relations and meaningful cooperation among the Member States which are bound by ties of history and culture;
3. Aware of the common problems, interests and aspirations of the peoples of SOUTH ASIA and the need for joint action and enhanced cooperation within their respective political and economic systems and cultural traditions;
4. Convinced that regional cooperation among the countries of SOUTH ASIA is mutually beneficial, desirable and necessary for promoting the welfare and improving the quality of life of the peoples of the region;
5. Convinced further that economic, social and technical cooperation among the countries of SOUTH ASIA would contribute significantly to national and collective self-reliance;
6. Reaffirming their determination to promote such cooperation within an institutional framework;

PRINCIPLES

1.Cooperation within the framework of the ASSOCIATION shall be based on respect for the principles of sovereign equality, territorial integrity, political independence, non-interference in the internal affairs of other States and mutual benefit.

SAARC have four charter bodies:-

1.Council of Minister

2. Standing Committee
3. Technical Committee
4. Programming Committee

Article III MEETINGS OF THE HEADS OF STATE OR GOVERNMENT

The Heads of State or Government shall meet once a year or more often as and when considered necessary by the Member States.

Article IV

COUNCIL OF MINISTERS

 The Council of Ministers consisting of the Foreign Ministers shall meet twice a year. Extraordinary session of the Council may be held by agreement among the Member States.

Article V

STANDING COMMITTEE

1.The Standing Committee comprising the Foreign Secretaries shall have the following functions:

1. a) overall monitoring and coordination of programme of cooperation; b) approval of projects and programmes, and the modalities of their financing; c) determination of inter-sectoral priorities; d) mobilization of regional and external resources; e) identification of new areas of cooperation based on appropriate studies.

Article VI

TECHNICAL COMMITTEES

1.Technical Committees comprising representatives of Member States shall be responsible for the implementation, coordination and monitoring of the programmers in their respective areas of cooperation.

2. They shall have the following terms of reference:
3. a) determination of the potential and the scope of regional cooperation in agreed areas; b) formulation of programs and preparation of projects; c) determination of financial implications of sectoral programs; d) formulation of recommendations regarding apportionment of costs;

Article VIII

SECRETARIAT

There shall be a Secretariat of the ASSOCIATION.

Article IX

FINANCIAL ARRANGEMENTS

1.The contribution of each Member State towards financing of the activities of the ASSOCIATION shall be voluntary. 2. Each Technical Committee shall make recommendations for the apportionment of costs of implementing the programs proposed by it. 3. In case sufficient financial resources cannot be mobilized within the region for funding activities of the ASSOCIATION, external financing from appropriate sources may be mobilized with the approval of or by the Standing Committee.

Article X

GENERAL PROVISIONS

1.Decisions at all levels shall be taken on the basis of unanimity.

2. Bilateral and contentious issues shall be excluded from the deliberations.

Area of cooperation:-

1. Agriculture and Rural Development
2. Biotechnology
3. Culture
4. Economic and Trade
5. Education
6. Energy
7. Funding Mechanism
8. Security aspects
9. Social Development
10. Tourism
11. Finance

 

12. Poverty alleviation                             

India and SAARC Relation

The relationship between India and other South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) member states rejects the gravity theory of international trade, which emphasizes on the role of geographical proximity in augmenting bilateral trade among countries. Despite the nearness, India has a prolonged history of poor trade with the other SAARC nations. In 2013­2014, India’s trade with SAARC members was 2.6 percent of India’s total trade with the rest of the world. Compared to this, India’s trade with countries further away in terms of distance namely the United States (US) and countries in the European Union (EU) was much larger.

India’s trade with SAARC member states is not only low, but it has been more or less stagnant over the past few years. It stood at about 2.2 percent in 2009­10, and continued to remain in bandwidth of 2­2.6 percent over the past five years.   

 Within the SAARC region, India is the largest economy in terms of its gross domestic product and the size of its market. It is the most strategically located, as a center point of the SAARC region, with both land and sea connectivity with other SAARC member states. India shares a land border with four member nations and a sea border with two others. No other SAARC nation shares a common border with each other. Due to its strategic location, India acts as an important trans­shipment hub for the land­locked SAARC member states such as Nepal and Bhutan. According to an estimate, more than 50 percent of the total trade for these countries takes place with India. The trade statistics from 2013­2014 show that within SAARC, a majority of India’s trade takes place with Bangladesh (33.3 percent), Sri Lanka (26 percent) and Nepal (20.6 percent). 

 Traditional theories of comparative advantage very well justify the low level of trade in the SAARC region. There is a lack of trade complementarities in the region. Most countries specialize in the production of similar products such as textiles. India’s trade therefore is skewed towards the developed countries in the West, namely the US, the EU and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The major items of trade (apart from gold) include petroleum, gems and jewellery, high­technology machinery, fertilizers, textiles, among others.   

India’s present trade in the SAARC region reflects more of the strained political relationship than an economic logic. However, more recently, there have been several initiatives in the right direction.    With the new government in 2014, India’s foreign policy is being redrawn with a buoyant outlook, which accentuates the need to move from a protectionist environment to a more liberal trade framework. Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi has reinforced the importance of South Asian regional integration at several international forums and this has also been reflected in growing diplomatic visits in the region. The reigning idea of India’s ministerial conferences with the leaders of the neighboring nations is to improve the overall trade and investment climate in the region. More specifically, the focus has been to improve physical (road, rail, sea and air) and cultural connectivity within the SAARC region. This is expected to provide an impetus to India­SAARC ties.              

 It is well recognized that removal of trade and non­trade barriers would enhance regional cooperation among the SAARC members. While tariff reduction is the most popular tool for trade liberalization, for streamlining trade and investments in the region, SAARC member states have undertaken a series of trade facilitation measures. For instance, SAARC member states had established the South Asian Regional Standards Organization (SARSO) in 2011 to address the most important non­trade barrier of divergence in standards of the products traded in the region. While this is a step in the right direction, there are presently only 38 items for which the standards are being harmonized. This list of items needs to be expanded by including other essential items of regional interest such as refined sugar, jute bags, cement, among others. For certain product categories such as food items, the SAARC standards can be brought in line with the globally followed Codex Alimentarius standards. 

The leaders of SAARC are also committed to transform this region into South Asian Economic Union (SAEU) through free flow of goods among the member states, which requires streamlining the customs procedures, easy visa regimes, direct road and rail connectivity and rationalization of the tariff structures. This delay in delivery is due to the absence of a direct road or rail link between India and Bangladesh which hinders the growth of trade between them. Several efforts have been made by the SAARC nations to improve road and rail connectivity within the region, which is expected to boost trade and cultural exchanges in SAARC.

While some measures are being undertaken to enhance trade in goods, it is important for the SAARC member states to enhance the scope of collaboration beyond goods, to include trade in services and economic cooperation. Some of the potential areas of cooperation include hydropower trading, religious tourism and asynchronous intra­grid connectivity.

 Bhutan’s power sector has an untapped trade potential of nearly 28,520 megawatts (MW) as the four major hydropower plants namely Chukha, Kurichhu, Basochu and Tala have an installed capacity of merely 1,480 MW, which is barely 4.9 percent of its total hydropower potential. This is a potential sector for investment for Indian companies as the production cost of hydropower in Bhutan is one of the lowest in the world, which translates into higher returns for the investors. Moreover, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal (BBIN) have taken multilateral approach­laden initiatives by exploring the scope for engaging in power trade and inter­grid connectivity among themselves. At present, India­Bhutan, India­Bangladesh and India­Nepal grids are interconnected that facilitate cross­border trade in these nations. However, the potential trade partners for India, namely Sri Lanka and Pakistan, still remain isolated from the power grid connectivity loop among SAARC nations. 

Another measure for enhancing intra­SAARC merchandise trade requires India to redesign its sensitive list by removing products that are of export interest to SAARC member states. A reduction in the size of sensitive lists will magnify the size of regional trade among SAARC members. A closer look at the sensitive list of Pakistan reveals that items that hold comparative export potential for India such as automobiles, textiles, steel and pharmaceuticals form a part of the restricted imports from India to Pakistan. This might be a measure directed at protecting the domestic industries in Pakistan from international competition, but an improved regional integration would produce a win­win situation for both the members. The liberalization of foreign direct investments (FDI) climate in SAARC region is likely to deepen the trade linkages among the member states. Creation of well­targeted investment opportunities for private and public sector companies within SAARC, particularly for infrastructural development, could be a way forward in the integration of India with SAARC members.   

There exists a huge trade potential of India with the SAARC nations, a large proportion of it is still untapped and yet to be realized. It is essential that the SAARC leaders recognize the distinct issues and problems of each member state and address them separately. 

For instance, the cross­border terrorism and insurgency issues with Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka have to be dealt with independent of each other. Moreover, the bilateral trade between India and Pakistan is largely affected due to the Kashmir issue as well as the denial of granting accord of the most favoured nation (MFN) status to India. The issue of India and Pakistan is delicate, and therefore it needs to be addressed appropriately without affecting the spirit of free trade and integration in the overall SAARC region. 

There is an urgent need to overhaul in the SAARC region for bringing the member states closer to each other. Several initiatives have been made by India in this regard.    The recent visit of Foreign Secretary S. Jaishankar to four SAARC nations is conclusive of India’s determination to forge cooperation with its neighbours. The Indian foreign secretary undertook the ‘SAARC Yatra’ with an objective to review the initiatives announced for the region by Prime Minister Narendra Modi during the 18th SAARC Summit in Nepal, such as launch of a SAARC satellite, a SAARC business travelers’ card and partnership between South Asian University (SAU) and other universities in the member states. Similar regional integration efforts are being fostered by other neighbouring states, such as the visit of Sri Lankan President, Maithripala Sirisena, to India in February 2015 has paved the way for India and Sri Lanka cooperation in energy and water front.    The SAARC nations must realize that greater economic cooperation is to be built on the foundation of cultural cooperation. Developing economic cooperation among them through people­to­people contact and educational and cultural exchanges is the foremost step in enhancing regional cooperation. Such partnerships among SAARC members are likely to shape the trade and investment climate of the region and provide a new dimension to their alliance  

Microfinance

Micro finance is way to enrich the social and economic sector of society, after  years of independence India is still suffering from global poverty, the poverty which means the basic need for survival is still a big question in front of us, there is so much imbalance between the wealth in rural sector of India, their proper growth, empowerment is a big question among us. Micro finance is way to enhance poor rural people by providing them loan, saving and give insurance to the people, to establishment of a new business, to come out from the money crisis which most of time compel them to do suicide,  it’s like second way to get financial support on low interest rate.  People who benefit from this is the poor people who do not  get proper  benefit from Government scheme, According to report, about 40 percent of rural India is still not connect to bank,  so the weaker section of village go to money lender, who gives money on very high interest rate so that if they return the actual money, they still faces the problem with interest rate with rises exponentially, so to overcome this society economical mismatch, micro finance help them, the interest rate is not much high, and good thing is that they are 100% recoverable, there main priority is the rural sector of India. In past, report said that overall help in global poverty micro finance is helpful. The micro finance gives financial help in agriculture, fishing, horticulture and the small business for village prospective people. They also encourage the entrepreneur from the rural area by destroying the financial wall. One face on micro finance is SHG, which give women to participate and make they own group and nurture their skill of business and participation in administration.

In recent study the world bank report, more than 7000 institution that provide the micro finance, 16 million client and provided loan above 2.25 billion dollar and financial support.

There are mainly three micro financial institution in India which empower the rural India :-

1. Grameen Bank
2. Co-operative Bank
3. Self Help Group.

1. Grameen Bank

Grameen bank is the concept which first came in Bangladesh, muhammad yunus founded the concept of Grameen bank and for this they got Nobel prize, the main concept is behind that if any poor people want some money for starting new business, if they have no any guarantee or assets, they are still eligible for getting small amount of money which is generally less than several dollar, so that they set their business and earn money and meet their basic need, also it eradicate the poverty from our society. Large amount of population in village have no linkage with professional bank, so the main objective behind the Grameen bank to set up the bank in rural area, to link with village to Grameen Bank and provide them financial support like loan, saving or credit facility. Grameen bank send their representative door to door to meet the family representative so that they   get aware and start their account with Bank. Its also empower their financial condition and also make them independent. If a person is beggar, and no more source of income, the Grameen bank is proving money to him, not for spending money on livelihood, in respect they help him to settle new business, which make him financial self-reliance.

2.Co-operative Society

 Cooperative society is the another way to develop the weaker section of village, There is  many co-operative society in India which help the weaker section by doing different- different work, their primary purpose  to give financial support to rural people by providing them work. they generally weaker section of society, illiterate women and unemployed people, One such cooperative society is the Amul diary. They also provide infrastructure to the people like transportation, education and health. Co-operative society also help them for  loan money, the regular working also help them to saving money and meet the basic need.

There is so many NGO and Government scheme connected to the cooperative society to help them, there is so many state which are in poverty, which get benefit from this.

Government and RBI with the help of NBARD provide financial support to these cooperative society, now government also provide certain guidelines to professional bank to provide 40 % loan to rural sector for empowerment as the loan rate in commercial bank is low. Participation of women in cooperative society is also empower our women by just not nurturing the skill of management and also break the society old rule, which lead to foundation of equal opportunity for women.

3.Self Help Group:-

  Self help Group is the another way to eradicate the global poverty. On small scale, few people gather and setup the small co-operative society; they have few representatives who take care all the financial account management. Generally they take financial support from co-operative society, suppose five women form a self help group so first only two member are allow to take loan, once they fulfill the work next two worker get loan, this way chain continue, they held their own meeting, together they understand the problem and solve them by proper planning. Self Help Group, setup small institution like sewing work, so first they train the worker, once they trained and aware them with requirement. Together they work and fulfill the work, sometime they work in regular basis or sometime they distribute the profit after work. They also have saving scheme, so that if anyone need them they could also borrow from own group.  By their own Group they are totally dedicated and better understand their need and work accordingly. NGO ‘s  and government also encourage them to setup self help group because its work on root level with hard dedication and no corruption.